The increasing energy demand is persuading oil companies to exploit unconventional reserves of heavy and extra heavy crude oil, which are characterized for their elevated viscosities and upraised production costs. Expensive flow modifiers are often…
Unprocessed petroleum hydrocarbons often contain high concentrations of mercury (Hg), which can severely damage the metal components of a processing plant and pose a health risk to the workers and the natural environment. Although Hg removal units…