Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that natural gas accumulations with high CO2 concentrations may be useful natural analogs for the study of long-term CO2 storage in geologic strata if viewed in the context of “CO2 systems.” The CO2 system…
Ion storage structure widely exists in organisms, which is used to harvesting energy in environment and converting it into ion concentration gradient to maintain complex life activities. The construction of ion storage structures relies on isolating…
In August of 1998, the Z facility leaked approximately 150 gallons of deionized water into the dielectric oil of its energy storage section (ESS). After processing the oil to remove existing particulate and free water, the dielectric breakdown…
Plastic wastes are introduced into the environment inevitably and their exposure in the environment causes deterioration in its mechanical and physicochemical properties. This leads to the formation of plastic fragments, which are considered as micro…
Russia is one of a few countries in the world, that fully satisfies its needs in natural gas and exports it to other countries. The specific weight of Russian gas reserves in the world balance is 36%. 594.9 billion m3 of gas were produced in 1995 in…
Russia is one of a few countries in the world, that fully satisfies its needs in natural gas and exports it to other countries. The specific weight of Russian gas reserves in the world balance is 36%. 594.9 billion m3 of gas were produced in 1995 in…
Though the problem of urban pollution continues to grow unabated, the demand for transportation fuels remains high. As a result, interest in the development of alternative fuels for vehicles is on the increase in Canada and elsewhere. In recent…
A corrosion study of the influence of a mist flow (two phases) on materials commonly used in natural gas wells was conducted. The study was carried out in a way to simulate conditions normally found in natural gas wells in which a mist flow of…
In the discovery of new commercial reserves, gas production development will be carried out against a background of increased demand for energy. The advantages of gas, as an energy source, including ecological advantages, are given in the…
Petroleum distribution in the United States is accomplished through a complex network of pipelines, ships, barges, railroads and trucks. The tradeoff between scale economies and the need for flexibility greatly influences which transportation mode is…
Groundwater supplies nearly 50% of the household water used in the United States, 26% in Canada and more than 70% in most of Europe. Groundwater usage is high in many other countries. The number of wells that have been found to be contaminated in…
CONCAWE, the institute of the oil industry in Europe for environmental studies, have made an assessment of the relative contribution of the various oil industry operations to the total hydrocarbon emissions in Western Europe. The cost effectiveness…
The range of applicability for rigid platforms has increased steadily through evolutionary extensions of technology. Compliant structures and floating production systems with subsea wells have provided a quantum jump in water depth capability past…
Corrosion leading to pipe failure went unnoticed, despite the vigilance of highly qualified inspection agents, and caused a major refinery accident. This event has given rise to a review of the elements that condition the reliability of inspection:…
The objective of this chapter is to highlight the food packaging requirement and their evaluation to meet the demands of safer and shelf life enhancing packaging's and coatings. Food packaging aims to make food handling convenient and improve the…
To understand and efficiently implement the sources of energy within a sustainable approach for the purpose of supporting and enriching our environment, an investigation into the fuels presently being used worldwide (e.g., fossil fuels) and those…
In this chapter, the potential of nanotechnology to improve the stability and effectiveness of biopesticides is addressed. Whether in the encapsulation of biomolecules extracted from plants, fungi, bacteria that have a prolonged action or also…
The quest for developing environment-benign technologies to reduce environmental load has made sustainability a necessary and inevitable criterion. Therefore the past few decades of scientific community efforts have been majorly directly toward the…
India is the second-largest producer of coal in the world and coal-fired power plants generate 72% of India's electricity. Untreated/partially treated coke-plant effluents contaminate the aquatic ecosystems by the release of organic and/or inorganic…
In this paper, an attempt is made to (a) estimate the magnitude of the actual loss o/ petroleum and petroleum products between the well-head and the consumer, (b) isolate these losses by each major phase of the operation, (c) indicate the sources of…
At many refining and distributing sites soil and groundwater pollution occurs, often resulting in free floating product or LNAPL (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids). Often costly remediation measures have to be undertaken. A practical, robust and…
High penetration of renewable energy resources in the grid, because of its fluctuating nature, causes impactful disproportion in the load generation portfolio. This chapter focuses on two important aspects of microgrids: frequency stability and cost…
Abstract: Sleipner is the world's longest-running industrial-scale storage project and the first example of underground CO2 storage arising as a direct response to environmental legislation. It began in 1996, injecting around one million tonnes (1…
To achieve a complete decarbonisation of the global energy system, an energy mix based on different renewable sources, an effective large-scale energy storage system and a certain flexibility and simplicity of use of energy in its various forms for…
Electrical resistance probes are one of the most common methods to monitor corrosion damage. These devices tend to be robust and can operate in aqueous, nonaqueous liquid, as well as gaseous environments. They function by monitoring changes in…
The energy economics chapter provides a socioeconomic perspective on the production and consumption of energy. The focus is on the macroeconomic dimension, which will include: a global analysis of energy markets with particular relevance to demand…
Plastic, a material obtained from nonrenewable resources such as petroleum products, has so many advantages. Specifically, the main application of plastic is found in food packaging. But every entity has its advantages and disadvantages. Apart from…
Industrialization and economic development have historically been associated with man's ability to harness natural energy resources to improve his condition. Based on this definition, two industrial revolutions occurred in the 18th and 19th…
This study examines global research on the subject of energy market in Scopus database. For this purpose, a bibliometric research has been carried out in the fields of title, abstract, and keywords. All the records obtained have been used and…
The ever-increasing demand for the necessities of the continuously growing population has led to an imbalance in the biogeochemical cycle, an important driving force of life. This has resulted in increased pollution and contamination of the…
The power balance between the supply and demand side of an electrical grid is one of the most important issues in the grid operation. The forecasting of power generations and power demands is the essential premise for generation arrangement and power…
With advancement in technology, there is an emergence of numerous organic and inorganic contaminants in the environment making progress a double-edged sword. There is a need for the better understanding of the biotransformation of these contaminants…
Abrasive machining takes place at numerous cutting edges of indeterminate shape with extremely small real contact areas. These conditions involve substantial rubbing and sticking that cause friction and generate high heat in the contact zone. Heat…
Due to rapid population, urbanization and industrialization, the demand of energy source is increasing regularly. However, it is estimated that the petrochemical source of energy will be exhausted in coming decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need…
Tank repairs may be necessary due to problems encountered during construction, testing, and in-service use. Inadequate design, construction, and testing procedures have lead to many failures. Among the causes of failure include collapse, brittle…
Principal published sources of petroleum statistical data are government releases and reports, trade association releases, periodicals and publications of international bodies. This paper reviews petroleum industry publications by country of origin,…