This study focuses on the optimization of transportation and the storage of a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply chain. Liquefaction of the natural gas enables the suppliers to carry the gas by different modes of transportation to the customers by…
In modern geopolitical conditions, the processes of international hydrocarbon trade are becoming more complicated. World trends dictate the development of new solutions and adaptation to the external environment. The key factors contributing to the…
Substantial increases in shale gas production due to advances in hydraulic fracturing have created tremendous monetization and sustainable development opportunities, one of which is liquified natural gas (LNG). The International Maritime Organization…
Present study demonstrates a two-stage integrated process for production of hydrocarbon oil designated as ALGLIQOL, with potential to be utilized as liquid transportation fuel. Stage-I involves in-situ catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of…
Looking to reduce climate change impact and particle emissions, the heavy-duty transport sector is moving towards a growth within technology and infrastructure for use of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This opens an opportunity for the biogas market to…
It is preferable to transport or store natural gas (NG) in a liquid state, as liquefied natural gas (LNG). In recent decades, a variety of natural gas liquefaction processes (NGLPs) using mixed refrigerants (MRs) with different configurations have…
Co-processing renewable feedstock in existing refineries could be a prompt and ready-to-use approach to decarbonize the transportation sector, without large modifications to current processing infrastructures. In this study, we explore the…
The present study demonstrates a promising approach for production of bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction of microbial biomass grown in large-scale open raceway pond. Three key attributes to achieve process feasibility are co-cultivation of…
A process engineering strategy was developed for cultivation of high density biomass of Chlorella sp. FC2 with improved productivity under photoautotrophic condition. The process engineering strategy involved a combinatorial approach of: (i)…
The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bio-crude, produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass, was investigated for pressures and temperatures in the range 112400 bar and 40120 C, corresponding to solvent densities in the…
In liquefied natural gas (LNG) production, the total efficiency of the system increased by using mixed refrigerants for the liquefaction process. In this study, the mixing of the effective refrigerants is considered as one of the most important…
The liquefaction process is one of the key technologies of offshore FLNG device and is charged by patent protection of a few companies. Because of special offshore operational environment, the choice of FLNG liquefaction process is different from…
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) floating production storage offloading, or floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG), is an offshore unit used to produce LNG from offshore gas reservoirs. The liquefaction is critical process for liquefying natural gas (NG)…
Liquefaction and then transportation to the market is one of the promising options for the utilization of associated natural gas resources which are produced in oil fields. However, the flow of such resources is normally unsteady. Additionally, the…
Pressure energy recovery is one of the main advantages of a supersonic separator. However, the pressure energy recovery process can cause droplet evaporation in the divergent section, which will reduce the liquefaction efficiency of the nozzle. This…
The study proposes a novel integrated process in which ionic liquid is utilized to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the natural gas combined with a single mixed refrigerant-based liquefaction process to assist safe transportation over long…
Exact knowledge of natural gas composition is essential in custody transfer to determine the energy content of the delivery. However, for liquefied natural gas (LNG), a reliable composition determination is difficult. Here, we describe the design of…
Fractionation of bio-oil is in favor of upgrading bio-oil to transport fuel or chemicals. The microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta was hydrothermally liquefied to form a bio-oil, which was split into two layers during cooling: the lower layer contained…
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel…
Natural gas (NG) fields of low pressure and small reserve are usually located remotely and dispersedly in China, for which pipeline transport in gaseous state is not economic. As a result, liquefying natural gas with small-scale liquefiers is a more…
The good outcrops exposed along the California orogenic belt as well as successful exploration & development provide examples for the study of sandstone injections (injectites). Sandstone injections are widely developed in a variety of sedimentary…
Natural gas (NG) fields of low pressure and small reserve are usually located remotely and dispersedly in China, for which pipeline transport in gaseous state is not economic. As a result, liquefying natural gas with small-scale liquefiers is a more…
Biofuels are considered as one of the possible solutions to reduce transportation emissions and human dependence on fossil fuels, as they are renewable and carbon neutral. Lignocellulosic agricultural wastes are promising feedstocks for the biofuel…
In this chapter, the application of energy and exergy analyses to cryogenic and liquefaction systems is described. Cryogenic engineering is the design, development, and improvement of low-temperature (usually below −150°C or 123K) systems and…
Generation of a wide variety of bioenergy from waste biomass residues is possible, however, the cost is not competitive with petrochemical fuels and other renewable form of energy. Consequently, a number of attempts have been devoted to improve the…
Pressure energy recovery is one of the main advantages of a supersonic separator. However, the pressure energy recovery process can cause droplet evaporation in the divergent section, which will reduce the liquefaction efficiency of the nozzle. This…
The liquefaction of biomass using water or organic solvents is a promising thermochemical method for producing renewable hydrocarbon biofuels. This process has the advantage of producing high-quality biocrude from high-moisture feedstocks, such as…
Natural gas liquefaction is an expensive process with high energy consumption. Higher mini-LNG capacities have high capital and operating costs meanwhile that will have more product and profit. Therefore, one of the main concerns for the construction…
The study proposes a novel integrated process in which ionic liquid is utilized to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the natural gas combined with a single mixed refrigerant-based liquefaction process to assist safe transportation over long…
Worldwide concerns for fuel shortage and environmental problems call for efficient exergy recovery of industrial processes, especially in energy-intensive industries like natural gas supply chain. Pressure reduction station is a key infrastructure…
To reduce crude oil consumption and the corresponding environmental impact, the use of sustainable resources has recently attracted much attention. Herein, a low-viscosity and efficient tannin-based epoxy resin (MTEBPE) was prepared using…
Biofuels are considered as one of the possible solutions to reduce transportation emissions and human dependence on fossil fuels, as they are renewable and carbon neutral. Lignocellulosic agricultural wastes are promising feedstocks for the biofuel…
This paper will look at the technical, strategic and commercial benefits of Barge Liquified Natural Gas (BLNG) technology in Deepwater and Onshore gas developments. The majority of the Floating Liquified Natural Gas (FLNG) vessels currently operating…
Exact knowledge of natural gas composition is essential in custody transfer to determine the energy content of the delivery. However, for liquefied natural gas (LNG), a reliable composition determination is difficult. Here, we describe the design of…
In order to limit the greenhouse effect causing climate change and reduce the needs of the transport sector for petroleum oils, transformation of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative route to produce automotive fuels, chemical…
Fractionation of bio-oil is in favor of upgrading bio-oil to transport fuel or chemicals. The microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta was hydrothermally liquefied to form a bio-oil, which was split into two layers during cooling: the lower layer contained…
This chapter provides cursory reviews of biomass liquefaction, relevant petroleum processing technology, and relevant model compound studies. More detail is provided for upgrading of biomass liquefaction products, including an overview of potential…
Solvent liquefaction (SL) of biomass is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass to renewable fuels and chemicals. Liquid-phase thermal deconstruction of biomass in the presence of hydrocarbon-based hydrogen-donating solvents can result…
Bio-oils produced by direct thermal liquefaction often contain heavy components that hinder their utilization as a liquefaction medium. This paper reports a new approach to fractionate the liquefaction bio-oil into a light and a heavy fraction based…
This study presents detailed chemical and thermophysical analysis of bio-crude from a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction research plant. Current research on bio-crude focuses mainly on specific biomass feedstocks and conversion process conditions…
Hydrothermal liquefaction is a promising process for conversion of algae to bio-oil that is especially suitable for the high moisture content of algal feedstock. A two-stage sequential hydrothermal liquefaction (SEQHTL) alternative was developed to…
This paper shows a detailed analysis of a biomass HTL process by considering changes in three main reaction variables (i.e. catalysts (water, Na2CO3(aq.), and Fe(aq.)), temperature (280340 C), and catalysts/biomass mass ratio (00.33 kg catalysts/kg…
This paper reviews the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from…
The ADGAS plant facilities include three LNG trains (Trains-1 & 2 commissioned in 1977 and Train-3 commissioned in 1994), Offshore Associated Gas (OAG) and Integrated Gas Development (IGD) facilities along with utilities and other associated…
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising method to convert wet biomass into biocrude oil which can further be upgraded into transportation fuel. Approximately 2040% of the total energy still remains in the aqueous phase after the HTL process.…
As a response to the global requirement for renewable transportation fuels that are economically viable and fungible with existing petroleum infrastructure, Steeper Energy is commercializing its proprietary hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology…
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a kind of technology that can convert wet organic waste into energy. Toilet feces contain many pathogens, which can cause pollution to groundwater. Crude glycerol is a byproduct in the process of bio-diesel…
Algae biomass has recently attracted the attention of the green energy industry as a raw material for biofuels production. Their high-water content has led to the choice of hydrothermal liquefaction as a suitable way to convert them into bio-oil.…
Bio-LNG which is produced by liquefaction of synthetic natural gas from biomass (bio-SNG) is a valuable renewable fuel as it has high energy density and transportability. Cryogenic technology is a promising option for integration of the gas upgrading…
LNG is a very good energy carrier and can be applied in a great many areas of economy, and its physico-chemical properties allow for using it as engine fuel in road vehicles. LNG infrastructure requires the integrated effort of LNG suppliers, owners…