Scope: This test method covers the detection of the presence of components in liquefied petroleum gases which can be corrosive to copper. Note 1:For an equivalent copper strip test applicable to less volatile petroleum products, see Test Method D130.…
The use of natural gas (NG) in dual-fuel heavy-duty engines has the potential to reduce pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector when compared to the conventional diesel engines. However, NG composition and methane slip…
In modern geopolitical conditions, the processes of international hydrocarbon trade are becoming more complicated. World trends dictate the development of new solutions and adaptation to the external environment. The key factors contributing to the…
Natural gas is a worldwide commodity traded among regions. Regulated or unregulated natural gas markets are in a new process phase leading to a critical change in the market structure and organization while demand grows. Moreover, international trade…
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), as a clean and low-carbon energy source, is playing an increasingly vital role in global energy consumption. LPG trade is conducted through maritime transportation between ports. The intricate transport relationships…
To accomplish the climate-neutrality objective by 2050, it is necessary to increase the share of renewable energy sources globally. A significant portion of this burden should be carried by palm oil biomass. However, the palm oil biomass supply may…
The crude palm oil industry is an agro-industrial commodity. The global market of this industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years, such that it has a strategic value to be developed for Indonesian economy. Despite these economic benefits…
The demand for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in the global markets has changed significantly. As a result, industries have been forced to consider investing significantly in supply chains to achieve an efficient distribution of LNG for cost efficiency…
The article presents the approach to modelling the global natural gas market. As endogenous variables of the model, evaluating the world market, three variables are selected: world exports, world natural gas production, world market natural gas…
In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm to solve a practical ship scheduling problem for international crude oil transportation. The problem is considered as a vehicle routing problem with split deliveries. The objective of this paper is to…
Currently, the global market share of natural gas in the transportation sector accounts for a small portion. However, due to reasons such as low fuel price compared to other energy prices and more stringent regulation of the environment, the fastest…
The role of Russias power industry can hardly be overemphasized. Russia accounts for about 34% of the worlds natural gas reserves and 13% of established oil reserves. Fuel and power complex contributes about 30% of the gross domestic products, 70% of…
Petroleum refinery has been developed for production of transportation fuel with light alkenes and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (abbreviated BTEX), but global market demands are shifting to chemicals produced from light alkenes and…
Scope: This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538C (1000F) or lower at atmospheric pressure…
Scope: This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum distillate fractions. The test method is applicable to petroleum distillate fractions having an initial boiling point greater than 174C (345F) and a final…
Scope: This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum distillate fractions. The test method is applicable to petroleum distillate fractions having an initial boiling point greater than 174C (345F) and a final…
Scope: This test method details a procedure for performing particle size distribution analysis by dry sieve testing on green petroleum coke with a topsize of no more than 75mm and calcined petroleum coke with a topsize of no more than 25mm. Size…
Scope: The procedures in this test method cover the determination of organic chloride (above 1 g/g organically-bound chlorine) in crude oils, using either distillation and sodium biphenyl reduction, distillation and microcoulometry, or distillation…
Scope: The procedures in this test method cover the determination of organic chloride (above 1 g/g organically-bound chlorine) in crude oils, using either distillation and sodium biphenyl reduction, distillation and microcoulometry, or distillation…
Alumina-supported Ni-promoted W oxides, carbides and nitrides were presulfided and employed for reducing pollutants and increasing the quality of an extra-heavy crude oil during catalytic upgrading reactions. These materials were prepared by…
Scope: This test method covers the determination of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxygen (O2) concentrations in controlled and uncontrolled emissions from natural gas-fired reciprocating engines, combustion turbines,…
Scope: These test methods cover the determination of the amounts of the individual fatty acids and rosin acids in fractionated tall oil products, using capillary gas chromatographic separation of the volatile methyl esters of these acids. Four…
Petroleum companies have leading roles in modern economy, as their financial and economic performance to a large extent form the economies of petroleum producing countries. With the background of highly volatile petroleum markets and increasing…
The European Union formed a strategy with the Energy Union towards the delivery of secure, competitive, and sustainable energy. The Energy Union targets at a fully integrated internal energy market, which requires infrastructure, leaving market…
We provide an in-depth review of the extant literature on the impact a maritime carbon pricing measure might have on maritime transport costs. First, we analyse the relative importance of the determinants of maritime transport costs for trade and…
Holistic evolution of the global oil supply chain is revealed from both physical and virtual oil use perspectives in parallel, distinctively based on inter-regional physical oil trade by oil products and virtual oil trade embodied in both oil and…